Working Papers

Does "Welfare-to-Work" Work? Evaluating Long-Run Effects across a Generation of Cohorts

Winner of APPAM PhD Dissertation Award, Runner-up of NTA Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Award 

This version: May 2024

Work requirements in means-tested welfare programs remain a popular yet controversial policy around the world. This paper provides a unified evaluation of welfare-to-work by estimating the long-run effects of Denmark's social assistance reforms on a comprehensive set of outcomes for 19 different birth cohorts. Effects are highly heterogeneous across cohorts based on the time the reforms were introduced in the life cycle. Individuals facing the reforms as adults incur null or modest negative effects on income and some substitute toward crime and disability insurance. Meanwhile, children exposed to the reforms before they were eligible for social assistance experience significant gains in education, income, and measures of health. This heterogeneity is consistent with a model where younger cohorts invest in their human capital in anticipation of future work requirements while older cohorts adjust along alternative margins with high social costs. Evidence suggests that heterogeneity across cohorts can persist for decades over the life cycle and spill over to their own children. Cost-benefit analyses reveal that welfare-to-work is cost-effective in the long run, but this appears to be driven by anticipatory behavioral responses of younger cohorts aging into the new policy regime. These findings shed light on the interpretation of aggregate effects of welfare-to-work over time, help unify an expansive literature, and point to more efficient policy designs.

Intergenerational Mobility with Steven N. Durlauf

NBER Working Paper #29760

Prepared for The Inequality Reader, Fifth Edition, D. Grusky, N. Dahir and C. Daviss, eds.

This version: February 2022

This essay reviews the theory and empirics of intergenerational mobility. Our review draws on models and empirical analyses of classic and more recent work from both economics and sociology. We summarize models and the surrounding empirical evidence of two key sets of mechanisms: family factors (income, education, credit constraints, household composition, and genes) and social factors (schools, neighborhood sorting, racial segregation, and peer and role model effects). We then discuss and evaluate current methods used to measure intergenerational mobility, including linear regressions and Markov chains. Theoretical models imply nonlinear relationships between parent and child status that are often ignored in practice and offer potentially different interpretations of the evidence of heterogeneity in mobility across locations, groups, and time. We conclude that the next generation of studies would benefit from a closer integration of theory with empirics.

Works in Progress

Understanding Heterogeneity in Intergenerational Mobility across Neighborhoods with Steven N. Durlauf, Rasmus Landersø, and Salvador Navarro

Mobility as Memory: Some New Approaches to Characterizing Intergenerational Dependence via Markov Chains with Lawrence E. Blume, Steven N. Durlauf, and Aleksandra Lukina

The Effects of Participating in Multiple Safety Net Programs on Family Well-Being with Derek Wu

Intergenerational Bottlenecks with Joshua Shea

Long-Run Effects of Two-Generational Social Policy at Scale